>>like wise , claiming the lingas,(penis} as your idol of shiva in mecca >>

Ayub,

Have you ever been to Trombay or to any of the Atomic reactors anywhere in the world? The structure is exactly the replica os Shivalinga with the provision for taking out the cooling water by the side. You would call these also by your favourite five letter organ?


ayub mohammed <mdayyub@yahoo. co.uk> wrote:

though the knowledge of you and your ancient breed through the direct hot line from the BRAHMA ,the creator in your faith ,to the sadhu,sanyasis ,who are seen as drugs-edict, beggers,unclean for years together leaving the hairs to its unlimited grouth ,who have the history of writing your scriptures and epochs of hinduism ,and do keep your faith going unchecked by the archaeology and evidences ,historical proofs regading the claim but it would never be stood to the test of the historical evidential confirmations set out by the international standerds of the education ,research and finds in the world ,,but off course u and your socalled breed of intelligentsia have not such credibility to stand before the historical questions ...like wise , claiming the lingas,(penis} as your idol of shiva in mecca with other 10 claims in the book that has been nothing but the imagination and presuption under the inferirity complex made to hold your head high before the
highers that have no place in the test of knowledge and intelligentia ,,,,,mr so called intelligent .....go a head and reply me ...if u can under the guidelinnes set out by the international norms only ,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,

here is the government of mecca held by khoza 207-440 ad
priviously i forwarded the period of vikramaditya or chndra gupta 2 who possed the power from 380-413
moreover the mecca the place of worship of idols till mohammed born in this are .

so if anybody have any evidence about the rule of vikraditya or chandragupta 2 ,plz post ...

ayub mohammed

Vantage ground thus gained by Mahomet

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CHAPTER III. Section 4 Origin, and early History, of Mecca.
Traditional history of Mecca ascends above the Christian era; of the other tribes ordinarily only to the 4th century A.D.
Leaving now the outskirts of Arabia, I proceed to sketch the history of the chief tribes occupying the centre of the peninsula, and to trace the rise and progress of Mecca.
The traditional history of Mecca, and of the Coreishite stock goes back farther than that of the other Bedouin tribes. Their fixed habitation in the valley of Mecca strengthened and perpetuated the local tradition, (a mixture of fact and fable), which ascends to a century before the Christian era. The accounts of the desert tribes on the other hand, seldom commence more than two centuries before the birth of Mahomet.
The legend of the founding of Mecca by Abraham and Ishmael
The founding of Mecca by Abraham and Ishmael is so clearly a legendary fiction, that we need not have adverted to it at all except to enquire in what facts or popular notions it took its rise. The outline of the legend, interwoven as usual with a profuse variety of circumstantial colouring, is as follows. The wandering Hagar reaches with her boy the valley of Mecca; in the agonies of thirst she hastes to and fro from the little bill of Marwa to that of Safa, seeking for water. Ishmael, whom she has left on the ground lamenting, kicks around him in childish passion, when lo! the spot thus struck bubbles forth in a sweet and limpid stream beneath his feet; it is the well of Zamzam.
Amalekites.
A tribe of Amalekites are tempted by the fountain to the place, and among them the youthful Ishmael grows up. On an,eminence in the vicinity, Abraham, in fulfilment of the divine behest communicated in a dream, was about to offer up his son, when his arm was stayed, and a vicarious sacrifice was prescribed, and accepted from him. The youth was married to an Amalekite wife, but during the absence of her husband she proved inhospitable to Abraham, who chanced to arrive as a guest: at the monition of the offended patriarch, Ishmael put her away, and married another.
Bani Jorhom and Bani Catura
Two Yemen tribes, the Jorhom and Catura, about this time arrived in the vicinity; the wicked Amalekites, who vainly opposed their settlement, were expelled by a plague of ants, and the strangers succeeded to their place. It was with the daughter of the Jorhom Chief that Ishmael celebrated his second nuptials. On a subsequent visit, Abraham assisted by his son proceeded to erect the Kabba, and to reconstitute the ancient rites of pilgrimage on the sacred spot. After Ishmael and his son Nabit (Nebaioth), the management of the temple devolved on Modadh the Jorhom Chief, who held the imposts of the northern or upper part of Mecca, while Samayda the Catura Chief held the southern.
The Amalekites and Bani Catur expelled
But a quarrel having arisen between the two tribes, the Bani Jorhom, aided by the descendants of Ishmael 1, expelled the Bani Catura who joined, and were lost amongst, the Amalekites.
The Bani Jorhom and Ishmealite unite and constitute the Musidriba.
From this point (which the juxtaposition with Ishmael would make at least 2000 years anterior to Mahomet) to Adnan, who lived a little before the Christian era, the legend is blank: and although the ready pen of the traditionists has filled up the space by a list of Mahomet's
Fictitious character of the genealogy prior to the Christian era
progenitors derived from Jewish sources, yet Mahomet himself never traced his pedigree higher than Anan, and declared that all who went further back were guilty of fabrication and falshood 2.
Even in the time of Adnan legend is suppositious: his era (130 B.C.) being confounded with that of Nebuchadnezzar (577 B.C.)
Even in the time of Adnan we find ourselves encompassed with legend and with doubt. Bakht-nassar, or Nebuchadnezzar, according to the traditionists, attacked Arabia and, having Adnan and the Jorhomites, devastated Mecca and carried off to Babylon a multitude of captives. But Providence watched over Adnan's son Maadd whom, by the command of the Lord, Eremia and Abrakhia (Jeremiah and Baruch) took with them and nurtured safely in the land of Harran. But between Mahomet and Adnan there is an ascertained interval or only eighteen generations, so that by careful calculation the birth of Adnan cannot be assigned to an earlier date than 180 B.C. 3; while the ravages of Nebuchadnezzar' s army occurred B.C. 577 4. Thus, even in events comparatively modem, legend spurns the limitations of reason and chronology.
Dynasty of Jorhomite kings of Mecca, 100 B.C. 200 A.D.
After the expulsion of the Bani Catura, the Jorhomites remained supreme at Mecca, and a list of their kings is given for nine generations, that is for nearly three centuries, beginning about 100 B.C. 5. During this period, in which (according to the language of the Moslems), the Jorhomites usurped the privileges of the Kaaba, of right belonging to the descendants of Ishmael, the following successions took place among the ancestry of the Coreish 6.
Adnan, 130 B.C.; Maudd, 97 B.C.
ADNAN begot two sons, Maadd and Akk. The descendants of Akk moved to the south of Jidda, and mingled with the Yemenites.
Maudd, 97 B.C.
MAADD 7 had four grandsons, Modhar, Rabia, Iyad and Anmar, each distinguished by a most prolific progeny, which was destined to play a conspicuous part in various quarters of the peninsula.

Of the two last, the posterity spread from Yemen to Irac 8. From Rabia sprang several notable tribes, viz. the Bani Abd al Gays, who, eventually passed over to Bahrein on the Persian Gulph; the Anaza 9, who to this day overspread Arabia: the Bani Namir ibn Casit, who settled in Mesopotamia; and finally the Bani Bakr and Bani Taghlib sons of Wail, with their numerous branches, whose wars, famous in the annals of Arabia, will be alluded to hereafter.
Modhar, 31 B.C.; Eilyas, A.D. 2; Mudrika, A.D. 35; Khozaima A.D. 68; Kinana, AD. 101; Nadhr, 134 A.D.; Fihr Coreish, 200 A.D.
MODHAR had two sons, Eliyads, and Aylan the father of Cays. From Cays descended the powerful tribes of the Bani Adwan, Chatafan, Suleim, Hawazin, and Thackif.
The descendants of ELIYAS, who was born about the beginning of the Christian era, are, from their Codhaite mother, termed the Bani Khindif; one of them, Tabikha, was progenitor of the Bani Mozaina, and of the Bani Tamim, famous in the history of Najd.
Another son of Eliyas, called MUDRIKA, was the father of Khozaima and Hodzail. The latter was the ancestor of the Bani Hodzail, distinguished in the annals both of war and of poetry, and, as we learn from Burkhardt, still occupying under the same name the environs of Mecca 10.
KHOZAMIA begot Asad and Kinana. The Bani Asad retired to Najd, but were subsequently expelled by Yemen tribes. They eventually returned to the Hejar, where they bore a prominent part in opposing the arms of Mahomet.
KINANA had six sons, and each became the chief of a numerous family. Among them was Abu Monat the father of Bakr and, through him, of the Bani Duil, Laith, and Dhamra11. But the most illustrious of his sons was NADHR, the grandfather of FIHR, surnamed Coreish 12, and the ancestor, at the distance of eight generations, of the famous Cusaai (born 400 A.D.)
Appearance of the Azdites, end of 2nd century
Up to the era of Nadhr or of his son Malik, that is to the end of the second century, the Jorhomites retained their supremecy. About that period the migration of the Bani Azd from Yemen, repeatedly mentioned above 13, took place. The horde of Azdite adventurers entered the Hejaz, and settled at Batn Marr, a valley near Mecca.
The Jorhomites unsuccessfully attempt to repel them
The Jorhomites, jealous of these neighbours, endeavoured to expel them, but were worsted in the attempt. At the same time the Maaddite 14 tribes (or ancestors of the Coreish,) were engaged in a similar but more successful struggle with a body of Codhaite adventurers, who were endeavouring to establish themselves between Mecca and Taif.
Codhaite immigrants repelled by the Coreish
The Codhaites, finding that they could not maintain the contest, retired, as before noticed, towards Syria and Bahrein 15.
The Azdites leave a colony, the Khozza, at Mecca
Meanwhile a part of the Azdites (the Bani Ghassan, Aws, and Kazraj) spontaneously quitted Batn Marr and proceeded towards Syria 16. Those that were left behind, thence styled the Bani Khozaa (the "remanent,") settled permanently at Mecca under the command of Amr son of Lohai and great-grandson of Amr Mozaikia 17. With the Khozaa, the Meccan families descended from Bakr son of Abd Monat, and the Bani Iyad, combined; and
The Khozaa combine with certain Coreish tribes and expel the Jorhomites, 206, A.D.
falling upon the Jorhomites, slaughtered and expelled them from the country. Modhad, the last king of the Jorhom dynasty, before his departure, or some time previously, when he foresaw that his people would be overthrown for their flagrant wickedness, buried in the vicinity of the Kaaba, and close to the well Zamzam (by this time probably choked up), his treasures consisting of two gazelles of gold, with swords and suits of armour 18. These events occurred about 206 A.D.
The Bani Iyad unsuccessfully aim at the government and emirate to the East
The Bani Iyad then contended with the other descendants of Maad for the charge of the Kaaba, now vacated by the Jorhomites; but they were defeated in the struggle, and emigrated towards Irac, where, as has been shown 19, they took part in the establishment of the kingdom of Hira.
Government of Mecca held by the Khozaa, 207-440 A.D.
But the children of Maadd, the forefathers or the Coreish were destined to be still excluded from the administration of the Kaaba and of Mecca: for, about 207 A.D. the government was seized upon by their allies the Bani Kozaa, whose chief Amr and his
Three of the offices connected with the Kaaba retained by Maaddite tribes
descendants retained it for upwards of two centuries 20. Still, three important offices were secured by the Maadite tribes ; -- First, the NASAA or commutation of the holy months, and intercalation of the year, held by a descendant of Kinana; Second, the IJAZA, or making the signal and arrangements for the departure of the pilgrims from Mount Arafat and Mina, performed by the Bani Sufa, descendants of Tabikha and Elyas; Third, the IFADHA, or heading the procession from Muzdalifa, enjoyed by the Bani Adwan 21.
The Coreish come to power in the person of Cussai, middle of 5th century
Such continued to be the position of parties till the beginning of the fifth century, by which time the Coreish had so greatly advanced in numbers and power as to rival their Khozaaite rulers. It was reserved for CUSSAI (the progenitor of Mahomet at the distance of five generations) , to assert the real or imaginary right of his tribe to the guardianship of the Kaaba and the government of Mecca. The outline of his romantic story is as follows: --
Story , of CUSSAI, born A.D. 400
KHAB 22, the fifth in descent from Fihr Coreish, died; leaving two sons, Zohra and Zeid, the former grown up, the latter, who was born about 400 A.D., yet an infant. His widow married a man
His mother takes him as a child to the Bani Odzra in the desert
of the Bani Odzra, a Codhaite tribe, and followed him with little Zeid to her new home in the highlands of Syria, where she gave birth to another child called Rizah. When Zeid grew up he was named Cussai, because of the separation from his father's house; but at last, learning the noble rank of his ancestry, he
When grown up he returns to Mecca
resolved to return to Mecca, and travelled thither with a company of the Odzra pilgrims. At Mecca he was recognized by his brother Zohra, and at once received into the position which his birth entitled him to hold 23.
Cussai gains influence and marries the daughter of the Khozaite king
Cussai was a man of commanding person, and of an energetic and ambitious temper. He was treated with great distinction by Holeil the Khozaite King, who gave him his daughter Hobba in marriage, and permitted him, or his wife, to assume the immediate management of the Kaaba, and perhaps some functions attaching to the government of the city. On the death of Holeil, Cussai, who had now four grown up sons and had rapidly advanced to wealth and influence, perceived his opportunity, and, having
He binds the Coreish in a league to support him
canvassed among the Coreish for support, bound them together in a secret league. He also wrote to his brother Rizah to aid him at the ensuing pilgrimage, with an armed band of the Bani Odzra; for even then the Khozaa are said to have outnumbered the Coreish 24.
Cussai claims office of Ijaza, i.e. the marshaling and heading the pilgrims as they leave
Cussai first opened these clandesthe measures by the sudden and violent assertion of his claim to the Ijaza, or right of dismissing the assembled Arab tribes from Mina when the ceremonies of the pilgrimnge were finished. From remote times it had been the office of the Bani Sufa (a distant branch collateral with the Coreish) to repress the impatient pilgrims on their return from Arafat; to take the precedence in flinging stones at Mina; and, having marshalled the order of departure, themselves to lead the dispersing multitudes.
The Sufa, after a sharp contest, yield the office to Cussai
On the present occasion the Bani Sufa, stationed on the eminence of Ackaba in the defile of Mina, were on the point of giving the usual command for breaking up the assembly when Cussai stepped forth and claimed the privilege. It was disputed. Weapons were drawn, and after a sharp encounter, in which Rizah with 300 of the Bani Odzra rushed to the succour of Cussai, the Sufa yielded their office with the victory to their opponent.
Cussai, supported by the Coreish, fights with the Khozaa; they submit to arbitration; the Kabba; with the government, is awarded to Cussai
The Khozaa looked on with jealousy at the usurpation of prescriptive right, and began to entertain suspicions that Cussai would seek to snatch from them their own hereditary title to the supremacy over the Hejaz. They prepared to resist, and associated with themselves the Bani Bakr25, their old allies in the expulsion of the Jorhomites. The Coreish rallied round Cussai, who was again supported by Rizah and his comrades. A second, but more general and bloody action ensued. The field remained uncertain, for the carnage was great on both sides, and the combatants mutually called for a truce, surrendering the decision of their claims into the hands of Amr, an aged sage. The umpire, though of Bani Bakr descent, affirmed the pretensions of Cussai; yielded to him the guardianship of the Kaaba and the government of Mecca; and, still more strongly to mark the justice of his position, decreed the price of blood for all men killed on the side of Cussai, while the
dead on the other side were to pass unavenged by fine 26.
Cussai assumes the government 440 A.D. assembles the scattered Coreish and settles them at Mecca
Thus, about the middle of the fifth century (perhaps in 440 A.D.) the command of Mecca passed into the hands of Cussai. The first act of his authority, after the Khozaa and Bani Bakr had evacuated Mecca, and the Odzra allies had taken their leave, was to bring within the villey his kinsmen of Coreish descent, many of whom had previously lived in the surrounnding glens and mountains 27. The town was laid out anew, and to each family was allotted a separate quarter, which they retained with such tenacity that the same partition was still in force in the time of Mahometan historians. So large an influx of inhabitants, added to the regular distribution of the land, swelled the city far beyond its previous bounds; and the site of the new habitations trenched upon the acacias and brushwood of the valley 28. The superstition of the place had invested the trees with so peculiar a sanctity that the people feared to remove them. Cussai, superior to such scruples,
seized a hatchet, the Coreish followed his example, and the wilderness was soon cleared. From erecting the re-union of his clan, Cussai was called Mujammi or the "Gatherer 29."
The town hall. Cussai its President, Liwa
The next civic work of Cussai was to build a Council House or Town Hall called Dar-al-Nadwa, near the Kaaba and with its porch opening towards it 30. Here all practical movements were discussed, and social ceremonies solemnized. In the Town Hall girls first assumed the dress of womanhood, and there marriages were celebrated. From thence all caravans set forth; and thither the traveller, on returning from his journey, first bent his steps.
When war was resolved upon, it was there that the banner (Liwa) was mounted upon its staff by Cussai himself, or by one of his sons. The assumption of the presidency in the Hall of Council rivetted the authority of Cussai as the Sheikh of Mecca and Governor of the country; "and his ordinances were obeyed and venerated, as people obey and venerate the observances of religion, both before and after his death31."
Other offices assumed by Cussai
Besides these civil offices, Cussai possessed the chief religious diginities connected with the Meccan worship. The Hijaba gave him the keys, and the control of.the Kaaba; the Sicaya or giving drink to the pilgrims, and the Rifada or providing them with food, were his sole prerogatives, and in the eyes of the generous Arabs invested his name with a peculiar lustre. During the pilgrimage, leather cisterns were placed at Mecca, at Mina, and at Arafat32; and he stimulated the liberality of the inhabitants
Providing food and drink for the pilgrims
to subscribe annually an ample fund, which was expended by himself in the gratuitous distribution of food to the pilgrims. He did not assume the minor offices of marshalling the processions on the ceremonial tour to Arafat (though it was ostensibly for one of those offices that he first drew the sword), nor the post of Nasa, the office of commuting the holy months 33 ; but as he was the paramount authority, these duties were no doubt executed in strict subordination to his will. 'Thus;' writes Tabari, "he maintained the Arabs in the performance of all the prescriptive rites of pilgrimage, because he believed them in his heart to be a religion which it belioved him not to alter34."

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HERE IS THE PERIOD OF VIKRAMADITYA .
GUPTA DYNASTY, GOLDEN AGE OF INDIA

By the fourth century A.D., political and military turmoil destroyed the Kushan empire in the north and many kingdoms in the south India. At this juncture, India was invaded by a series of foreigners and barbarians or Mlechchhas from the north western frontier region and central Asia. It signaled the emergance of a leader, a Magadha ruler, Chandragupta I. Chandragupta successfully combated the foreign invasion and laid foundation of the great Gupta dynasty, the emperors of which ruled for the next 300 years, bringing the most prosperous era in Indian history.
The reign of Gupta emperors can truly be considered as the golden age of classical Indian history. Srigupta I (270-290 AD) who was perhaps a petty ruler of Magadha (modern Bihar) established Gupta dynasty with Patliputra or Patna as its capital. He and his son Ghatotkacha (290-305 AD) have left very little evidences of their rule and did not issue any coins of their own (although there have been reports of coins of Shrigupta which need more thorough studies). Ghatotkacha was succeeded by his son Chandragupta I (305-325 AD) who strengthened his kingdom by matrimonial alliance with the powerful family of Lichchavi who were rulers of Mithila. His marriage to Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi, brought an enormous power, resources and prestige. He took advantage of the situation and occupied whole of fertile Gangetic valley. Chandragupta I eventually assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja (emperor) in formal coronation. Most probably Chandragupta I never minted gold
coins of his own, although some historians believe that gold coins depicting king (Chandragupta) and queen (Kumardevi) are minted by him. It is very likely that these coins were minted by their illustrious son, Samudragupta. Shown below is very nice example of this controversial coin where Chandragupta and Kumardevi are shown (without halo). Chandragupta is offering a ring (or putting Sindur) to his queen Kumardevi. Chandra in Brahmi script is written below left arm of King while Shri-Kumardevi is written near right hand of queen. Reverse of coin shows goddess Ambika, sitting on Lion. The legend on reverse reads Lichchavyah, which suggests that indeed, Samudragupta took pride in being son of Lichchavi princess. His affection towards his parents is amply demonstrated while issuing this superb (commemorative? ) gold coin. This coin is a rare and very special in Indian numismatics.

Kumardevi and Chandragupta I
(Minted by their son Samudragupta)
335-370 AD
Gold Dinar
Weight: 7.8 gm
Obverse: King and queen
Reverse: Goddess Ambika (Durga) sitting on lion
Reference: Altekar#1
Rare
SAMUDRAGUPTA (335-380 AD)
Samudragupta was perhaps the greatest king of Gupta dynasty. His name appear in Javanese text `Tantrikamandaka' , and Chinese writer, Wang-hiuen-tse refers that a ambassador was sent to his court by King Meghvarma of Shri Lanka, who had asked his permission to build a Buddhist monastery at Bodh Gaya for the monks traveling from Shri Lanka. But the most detailed and authentic record of his reign is preserved in the rock pillar of the Allahabad, composed by Harisena. Samudragupta enlarged the Gupta Kingdom by winning a series of battles till he was a master of northern India. Soon he defeated the kings of Vindhyan region (central India) and Deccan. He although made no attempt to incorporate the kingdoms of south of Narmada and Mahanadi rivers (southern India) into his empire. When he died his mighty empire bordered with Kushan of Western province (modern Afganistan and Pakistan) and Vakatakas in Deccan (modern southern Maharashtra) . Samudragupta was a staunch
Hindu and after all his military triumphs, he performed the Ashwamedha Yagna (Horse sacrifice ceremony) which is evident on some of his coins. Ashwamedha Yagna gave him the coveted title of Maharajadhiraj, the supreme king of kings. His greatest achievement can be described as the political unification of most of the India or Aryavarta into a formadible power.

Samudragupta
335-370 AD
Gold Dinar
Weight: 7.6 gm
Obverse: King sacrificing at altar
Reverse: Laxmi sitting
MAC#4773 ff
Most certainly, Samudragupta is the father of Gupta monetary system. It is very likely that, the Kushan gold coins were circulating in the north and central India (possibly in the eastern India too), the dominion which comprised of Samudragupta' s empire. It was these Kushan coins which were the source of inspiration for Samudragupta. When he introduce the first Gupta coinage, they were of the same weight standard as that of Kushan. The Kushan rulers had adopted Roman standard and minted their coins as 8 gms unit which were called as Dinara, derived from Roman name for their gold coins, Denarius Aurius. Thus, the Gupta gold coins were also named as Dinara and referred by that name in most contemporary literature. Interestingly, this obviously foreign weight standard (122.9 grains) was not very satisfactory for the rulers, thus a conscious effort was made by later Gupta rulers to mint coins in Indian weight standard, popularly called Suvarna. The Suvarna
weight standaard suggests coin of 144 grains or approximately 9.2 gms of gold. Finally, it was Skandagupta who succeed in minting Gupta gold coins in Suvarna standard (commonly called as heavy type gold coins).
Samudragupta paid considerable attention and left an extensive coinage. Samudragupta minted seven distinct types of coins: standard type (shown above), the archer type, Battle Axe type (refers to his military activities), Ashwamedha type (Commamorating the horse sacrifice ceremony) , tiger slayer type, King and queen type (shown above) and Lyrist types (shown below). All Gupta emperors minted splendid gold coins which have evoked widespread admiration for their technical and sculptural finesse. Most Gupta gold coins weighed close to 8 grams and had Shri-Laxmi (goddess of wealth) on reverse side of the coin. Both the weight standard and the concept of presence of deity on coins is almost certainly borrowed from the late Kushana gold coinage. The symbols, phrasing of Sanskrit legends (written in Bramhi script), size, weight and gold content in their coins appears to have been meticulously planned and executed. The coin shown above depicts Samudragupta, a
tall man with sharp features making an offering at an altar with his right hand. Below his left arm his name Samudra is written while legends at edge of coin reads Samara Sata Vitata Vijayo Jita Ripurajito Divam Jayati (the invincible king who had won hundred battles). The legends are in Sanskrit written in Brahmi script. On reverse is Shri-Laxmi (the goddess of wealth) seated on throne. This is the earliest issue of Gupta gold staters.
Beyond doubt Samudragupta was a great military general, but apart from that, his personal accomplishments are equally remarkable. He showed great magnanimity towards all those kings who were defeated. His polished intelligence and good knowledge of scriptures won him many admirers. He gathered a galaxy of poets and scholars and took effective actions to foster and propagate religious, artistic and literary aspects of Indian culture. He had good proficiency in music and was perhaps an accomplished Lyrist (Lyre or Veena is a musical instrument). This fact is amply demonstrated in his lyrist type coins. Most king took pride in trumpeting their bravery but Samudragupta is the only king in whole of Indian history who showed softer side of his personality (Kumargupta, his grandson, have copied this type and minted few Lyrist type gold coins, which are exceedingly rare). These coins are unique, very special and rare. Shown below is this coin where Samudragupta is
shown playing Lyre, a kind of (harp like) string musical instrument. The legends on obverse in margin reads Maharajadhiraja Shri Samudragupta. The legends are in Sanskrit, written in Brahmi script.

Samudragupta
335-370 AD
Gold Dinar
Weight: 7.9 gm
Obverse: King playing Veena or Lyre
Reverse: Laxmi sitting
MAC#4788-90
Rare
VIKRAMADITYA or CHANDRAGUPTA II (380 to 413 AD)
It is very apt to say, like father like son. Samudragupta' s son, Chandragupta II tried to be better than his father, and most historians agree, he was certainly successful. Vikramaditya is THE LEGENDARY emperor of India. More stories/legends are associated with him than any other ruler of India. It was during his (and his son Kumargupta) reign, India was at the pinnacle of prosperity and opulence. Although named after his grandfather Chandragupta, he took a title of Vikramaditya, which became a synonym for sovereign of tremendous power and wealth. This title was later taken up by scores of other sovereign rulers of India. Chandragupta minted prodigious number of gold coins. Even today, the largest number of Gupta coins found in various hoards are minted during his rule, a solid evidence of prosperity of his reign.

Vikramaditya or Chandragupta II
375-414 AD
Gold Dinar
Weight: 7.77 gm
Obverse: King holding Bow, looking right
Reverse: Laxmi sitting on lotus
MAC#4796 ff
Rare
Vikramaditya succeeded his father Samudragupta (possibly there was another prince, or his elder brother who ruled briefly, and according to legends slayed by Shakas), and carried on the policy of `world conquest' of his predecessors. Political marriages occupied a prominent place in foreign policy of Gupta emperors. He married princess Kubernaga, daughter of Naga Chieftains and later gave his daughter Prabhavati in marriage to Rudrasena of powerful family of Vakatakas of the Deccan (modern Maharashtra) . His most significant and well celebrated military achievement being total destruction of Kshatrapas, the Shaka (Scythian) rulers of Malawa and Saurashtra, the western India (modern Gujrath and neighbouring states). He scored a fantastic victory over the Kshatrapa rulers and incorporated these provinces into his increasing empire. The cool courage he showed in fight with Shakas and killing their king in their own city entitled him the epithets Shakari
(destroyer of Shakas) or Sahasanka. He has also been responsible for the era, popularly known as Vikram Samvat which commence in 58 BC. This era has been used by major Hindu dynasties and still in use in modern India.
Vikramaditya' s reign was perhaps THE most prosperous and progressive reign in the ENTIRE Indian history. The contemporary Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Fa-hein was struck with the prosperity of subject during Gupta rule. He has admired the royal palaces and houses for dispensing charity medicine. He speaks highly of system of Government.
Shown above is a beautiful example of his coin where King is hoding bow, looking right. It is a rare coin as most of his coin depicts him looking left. Shown below is another example of Vikramaditya' s gold coin which shows him holding bow and arrow but looking left. Chandra (literally means moon) is written on obverse (below his arm). Also one can read Gupta on left side of coin. On reverse Laxmi is depicted, seated cross legged on lotus.

Vikramaditya or Chandragupta II
375-414 AD
Gold Dinar
Weight: 7.5 gm
Obverse: King holding Bow, looking left
Reverse: Laxmi sitting on lotus
MAC#4798
KUMARGUPTA I or MAHENDRADITYA (415-455 AD)
Vikramaditya was succeeded by his able son Kumargupta I. He maintained his hold over the vast empire of his forebears, which covered most of India except southern four states of India. Later he too performed the Ashwamegha Yagna and proclaimed himself to be Chakrawarti, king of all kings. Why he did not mint coins commemorating this event is not clear. Kumargupta also was a great patron of art and culture; evidence exist that he endowed a college of fine arts at great ancient university at Nalanda, which fluorished during 5th to 12th century AD. Numismatic evidence suggests that during his reign the Gupta empire was at its zenith. His reign also saw tremendous creativity and thus a lot of variety in Gupta coinage. Kumargupta minted 14 distinct types of Gold coins, the largest of all Gupta rulers. Many of them, like Rhinoceros-slayer, Apratigha (parents crowning him as ruler) are unique in entire Indian numismatic history. He also minted two coin types,
Tiger-slayer (shown below) and Lyrist, which his grandfather, Samudragupta minted briefly. These two types were discontinued during the reign Chandragupta.

Kumargupta I
415-455 AD
Two Gold Dinars
Obverse: King shooting the tiger
Reverse: River goddess Ganga, feeding grapes to peacock
Weight (#1): 10.26 gm with mount
Reference: BMC Gupta#244, Altekar#1706ff)
Weight (#2): 9.75 gm with mount
Reference: BMC Gupta# 243, Altekar# 1739ff
From the `Bayana Hoard'
Very Rare
Shown above are two of the finest known coins of Kumargupta. On obverse, king is shown wearing short sleeved coat, Dhoti, turban, earrings, necklace, armlets, wristles and trampling tiger by his right foot. He is shooting at it with his bow held in right arm, left hand drawing the string of the bow. The tiger is shown falling backwards with gaping mouth. The legends on obverse reads Srimama Vyagrahabala Parakramaha, his majesty having the strength and valour of a tiger. The reverse show goddess , nimbate, standing, slightly bent on Makara, the mythic crocodile, holding behind her a lotus with long stalk, in her left hand. She is shown feeding a peacock with fruit (very likely the grapes) . The goddess is identified as river Ganga who is shown wearing a sari, bodice, earrings, necklace, armlets etc. The Legends written in Brahmi reads his official name, Kumarguptodhiraja. This tiger slayer type of coins are very rare and considered to be the master pieces
of craftmanship and truly represents the glory of Gupta empire and their brave emperors. Both the coins were recovered from the famous Bayana hoard.
A hoard of atleast 1821 (there were perhaps some more) gold coins belonging to Gupta dynasty was discovered in February 1946 near village Bayana in the Bharatpur princely state. It was first noticed by small boys scavenging for brass shell casings. These shells were of bullets fired by hunting party of Maharaja (King) of Bharatpur, Col. His Highness Shri Brajendra Sawai Maharaja Brajendra Singhji Bahadur Bahadurjung, who was fond of hunting wild life. This hoard was eventually acquired by Maharaja and a selection of coins from this hoard (mostly rare and beautiful coins) were picked up by Maharaja for making jewelry for members of Royal family. Rest of the coins of the hoard were graciously handed over to the first president of Modern India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, who himself was a distinguished scholar of Indian history and philosophy. Now, the coins from this hoard can be seen in the National museums of India, New Delhi, Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay and
Lalit Kala Bhavan in Varanasi. All the coins from this hoard were catalogued by Dr. Anant Sadashiv Altekar, which remains the best reference book for Gupta gold coins. The two beautiful coins shown above are from the bracelet of the Queen of Bharatpur (either wife or aunt of Maharaja). The original bracelet had 9 (or 8) coins.

Kumargupta I
415-455 AD
Gold Dinar
Weight: 7.94 gm
Obverse: King riding the horse
Reverse: Goddess, feeding grapes to peacock
Reference: MAC#4836
Scarce
Kumargupta also minted fine silver coins during his long reign. A exceptionally well preserved and well struck coin of him is presented below. It shows his bust in Kshatrapa style and reverse is formalised Garuda with spread wings. Garuda was royal symbol of Gupta dynasty and is seen on many of their coins. The legends on coin, written in Brahmi script reads Parama bhagvata rajadhiraj Shri Kumargupta Mahendraditya. Silver coins were mainly intended for circulation in western part of Gupta empire, which was originally incorporated by Great Vikramaditya (father of Kumargupta). Since the western region (modern Gujrath state) had well developed silver coinage, popularized by earlier Shaka rulers, the same tradition was continued, except the Shaka symbol of river and three arched hill was replaced with Garuda or peacock (Skandagupta introduced this symbol), on reverse. Unlike, the gold coins where an effort was made to show rulers on coins in their life-like
form, silver coinage were more or less just standard reproduction without consideration for the ruler's actual looks.

Kumargupta
415-455 AD
Silver Dramma or Rupaka
Weight: 2.17 gm
Obverse: Bust of King
Reverse: Stylized Garuda with spread wings
MAC#4845
SKANDAGUPTA (455-467 AD)
Skandagupta took over the Gupta empire and soon had to face with the formidable enemy, the Huns (Hepthalites) . He successfully repelled their early invasions and proved to be able king and administrator in time of crisis. Skandagupta in Junagadh rock inscription is described as `embraced by the goddess of wealth and splendour who is chosen by Shri-Laxmi, a goddess of wealth'. This theme is reflected upon his coins of King and Shri-Laxmi type. These coins show victorious king and his divine consort Shri-Laxmi (who was considered as his second wife waiting on him invisibly) standing beneath the imperial Garuda (a mythical hawk like bird) banner which signify victories of Gupta kings over barbarian Huns. The king is shown to carry a bow and arrow while Shri-Laxmi is depicted with lotus in her left hand (shall be getting this coin soon). Shown below is his silver coin minted in Kshatrapa style. Reverse is stylized humped bull with inscription Param bahagvata Shri
Skandagupta Kramaditya.

Skandagupta
455-467 AD
Silver Dramma
Weight: 2.1 gm
Obverse: Bust of King
Reverse: Bull sitting
MAC#4879-82
In spite of heroic efforts of SkandaGupta, Gupta empire did not survive long the shock it received from invasion of the Huns and internal uprising of Pushyamitras. Although there was some sort of unity till reign of the last king Budhagupta in the 6th century AD.
Kings of Gupta dynasty were the great patrons of art, culture, languages, mathematics and science. Many of the finest paintings of ancient India were executed during Gupta period (320-600 AD), the best example being the murals at Ajanta caves. The colorful and vibrant murals at Ajanta are famous not only for the meticulously observed details of nature and the urban landscape, including architecture and furnishing, elegant attire and alluring ornaments but also for perceptive delineations of a variety of human characters, expressions and moods. Ajanta caves which are located at western Maharashtra were part of local Vakataka kingdom which had matrimonial relations with imperial Guptas. The rich and sensuous life at Vakataka court and of Gupta India in general is realistically displayed in these murals.
The Gupta era (329-650 AD) was also golden age for Buddhist art. The political unity of India brought by Gupta emperors, in turn initiated an artistic unity which transcended regional boundaries. Uniform artistic standards came into effect which were set chiefly by workshops in Mathura and Sarnath. Mathura and Sarnath produced some of the finest specimen of Buddhist art. Gupta style of art which was marked by a finished mastery in execution and a majestic serenity in _expression was spread to other countries and greatly influenced Buddhist art all over Asia.
The Iron Pillar located at Meharulli, Delhi is another fine example of the great achievements of Gupta reign. In spite of being 1600 years old, this Iron Pillar is still standing without any rust. Some historians believe that this pillar was erected by Chandragupta II, Vikramaditya. The greatest Sanskrit poet Kalidasa who wrote Meghdoot and Kumarsanhita was in Vikramaditya' s court. Shakuntalum, the works of Kalidasa exemplify the literary craftsmanship of this period. The Panchatantra, a collection of fables was another popular work. The Sankrit Dramas Mrichchhakatika and Mudra Rakshasa were written during Gupta reign. Celebrated astronomers Aryabhatta calculated the correct value of pi in AD 499 lived in this period. He also calculated the length of the solar year as 365.358 days and later postulated that the Earth was a sphere, rotating on it's own axis and revolving around the Sun as well as the exact cause of eclipses. Varahamira showed the importance
of decimal system in treatise Bhrihatasamhita, also fluorished during Gupta period. The law books of Bruhaspati, Narada and many sections of Puranas (Sanskrit scriptures) were also written in this glorious period. Administration structure during the Gupta period was exceptionally good in spite of large empire. In the Gupta administration, the governors of the provinces were more independent as compared to the Mauryans. Land taxes increased in number. Trade with the Roman empire declined after the third century AD. Indian merchants began to rely more heavily on the south-east Asian trade. Instead of Roman gold, it was the South-East asian countries which fueled Indian need for precious metals.
Unfortunately, very few monuments built during Gupta reign survive today. Examples of Gupta architecture are found in the Vaishnavite Tigawa temple at Jabalpur (in Madhya Pradesh state) built in 415 AD and another temple at Deogarhnear Jhansi built in 510 AD. Bhita in Uttar Pradesh State has a number of ancient Gupta temples, most are in ruins.
This section is currently under construction. I am putting together more images of coins and lot more interesting information. Come back soon! If you have any comments, please send at

There is no evidence about ancient Indian empire.

The ancestors of today's Afghans occupied India...There area began from the Mount Hindukush and ended in the Kashmir Valey in 1500 b.c.

In the same year Poenecians (Syrians) invented alphabet.

In the history of Iran,Turkey, Russia even Afghanistan none mentioned about so called Indian empire.

Such stories are planted in the minds of illeterate Hindus by their notorious Sadhus (priests).

Based on such gossips Hindus have been staging regual masacres Muslims,Sikhs, Christians and other non-Muslim native Indians since the very first day of Indian independence. .

Modern Hindus adopted this style from Zionists.

Zionist Rabbis planted a story in the lower Volga region in 19th century that all "Jews" are Semitic and they have rights to vacate Palestine occupying it !

Indian Hindus adopted the same tactice in order to dispossess the native population irrespective of their class,culture and religious affiliation.

What more concrete evidences you want than those provided by me? Why don't you go to Kabba and se the inscriptions on the Golden bell hung there, presented by King Vikramaditya to the temple in 57BC?

The Kabba was once a Hindu temple, built at the time of Abraham (though he was not associated with it), shownby the plaque inside the Kabba that bore a dedication to King Vikramaditya. The text of this inscription on th gold dish hung inside the Kabba shrine inMakka, is found recorded on Page 315 of a volume known as "Sayur-Ul-Okul" treasured in the Makhtab-e-Sultania library, Istanbul and reads:

Fortunate are those who were born (and lived) during King Vikrama's reign. He was noble, generous, dutiful ruler, devoted to the welfare of his subjects. But, at that time, we Arabs, oblivious of God, were lost in sensual pleasures"

Vikramaditya was ancestral grandfather of King Shalivahana, who interacted with Jesus. Historical records show that in 500AD this temple was maintained by Hindu-s.

Ayub and others, you want more proof? Let some of your Muslim friemnds in Turkey verify for themselves the references and also visit Kabba. Why are the pilgrims goin near the kabba, not allowed to wear caps and usual Muslim dress, but a Dhoti and upper piece wound like a janoi of Brahmins?

Only those dressed like Hindu-s are allowed to go and touch Shiva linga there even today!!

Why don't you go ther with your checked lungi or Jeans Nader?
When historical evidences are provided, your reaction would be negation and abuses, the usual character of Muslims, I am not surprised? You cannot participate in any intelligent interaction with valid data and references!!

S kumar <kumar_8134@yahoo. com> wrote: What more concrete evidences you want than those provided by me? Why don't you go to Kabba and se the inscriptions on the Golden bell hung there, presented by King Vikramaditya to the temple in 57BC?

The Kabba was once a Hindu temple, built at the time of Abraham (though he was not associated with it), shownby the plaque inside the Kabba that bore a dedication to King Vikramaditya. The text of this inscription on th gold dish hung inside the Kabba shrine inMakka, is found recorded on Page 315 of a volume known as "Sayur-Ul-Okul" treasured in the Makhtab-e-Sultania library, Istanbul and reads:

Fortunate are those who were born (and lived) during King Vikrama's reign. He was noble, generous, dutiful ruler, devoted to the welfare of his subjects. But, at that time, we Arabs, oblivious of God, were lost in sensual pleasures"

Vikramaditya was ancestral grandfather of King Shalivahana, who interacted with Jesus. Historical records show that in 500AD this temple was maintained by Hindu-s.

Ayub and others, you want more proof? Let some of your Muslim friemnds in Turkey verify for themselves the references and also visit Kabba. Why are the pilgrims goin near the kabba, not allowed to wear caps and usual Muslim dress, but a Dhoti and upper piece wound like a janoi of Brahmins?

Only those dressed like Hindu-s are allowed to go and touch Shiva linga there even today!!

Why don't you go ther with your checked lungi or Jeans Nader?
When historical evidences are provided, your reaction would be negation and abuses, the usual character of Muslims, I am not surprised? You cannot participate in any intelligent interaction with valid data and references!!

ayub mohammed <mdayyub@yahoo. co.uk> wrote:
dear shadi
it is the time to face the real threat of the anti-muslim and
anti-islam forces after 9/11 equations that made every human to
associate to the war on terror camp leading by the gb and its
alliances in the world which is slowly falling under the control of u
s and its forces including the rich resouceful region unfortunately it
has the islamic or muslim states that have the grudge and enimity
since the days of abraham and the joshua. if the resouceful region
gulf ,is not under the influence of islam ,there too the occupation of
u s forces could occupy the region as a fact of the history of the
capitalism and its imperialist nature in economics .but the gb is in
the way to woo the christian fundamentals and zionists occupied in the
white house and policy making centres in the u s ans allied forces
including india and pakistan.
as we all know that the idolatory was in practice before emergence of
islam and the birth of prophet mohammed .after winning the place in
war against infidels there the mecca was gained the ground for the
holy place for muslims . the history of the holy shrine was
eshtablished by the abraham for the first time .and continuing with
some modifications in accodence with quran and the practices of
prophet mohammed .
the claim was first made during the vikrama ditya dynasty who has been
limited to his jurisdictions only and could not eshtablished the
claims on archeaological evidences and any other contemporaries .and
does not have any concrete evidences that the shiva idol is in the
kaba . but it was the practive of egyptians whose worship were very
similar to the indian worshippings of the natural gods ,like
pigs,dogs.snakes, cows.lizards. rabbits ,in this same way the egyptian
gods idol have been there in the place which is claiming that their
lord shive was in the mecca and the muslims are in idlatory of the
linga ..so here all i comapare every human have similier limbs and
features by physique .should any woman claim all humans as her
husbands and lovers ....how strange the claim is ....any claim should
be based on archaeological evidence and other findings with proofs
.that they never produce ...it is not new here to claim the content i
saw in the hindu sites tooo ......
i have also given the proof that it is not the place u want to claim
,,with all evidences in detailed manner that could be convinced every
reasonable human being in the group ,,
moreover ,,the war on the terror is going to loose the grounds in iraq
and that compelling the u s to rethink the policy on iraq ..for its
survival in the eye of the internations jusrtifications ...
i do not loose my cool and ground on the growing strength of
anti-muslim and anti-islam forces in the world ,because we have such
history of winning the war on the spirit of winning ground in the
battle field not on the basis of the strength ..on ther words
qualitative forces that always have the right of winning the wars as
the world history and the islamic history preached the greatness of
the good and bad .so that i would never be lost the war either in
arguement or in the war ,,,because islam is the warriors religion that
have been in wars constantly since its emergence in the world .and
keep going till its victory over the bad ,ill and injustice .
personally i do not like to angage in this verbal war that they have
not set any limitations and parameters to follow in the arguement they
put forward for claiming the hinduism is a super religion in the world
,..this hinduism have more hindu enemies than the muslims
proportionaly .in side and the out side ..

but very sad to see these people how they go down to the level that
they could not see how do they look in the group and in the society in
the weakest way of offense as they does not have such guts and
capacity to stay on the strong base of the roots of the hinduism
..against the islam and muslims, as i have such equal claim over their
relegion ..

i hope u and all members do understand what is the base and what is
the roots of the faith of every one who keep an eye on every postings
of mine and my fellow members on religious issues ..
thank u mr shadi
ayub

- In issuesonline_ worldwide@ yahoogroups. com, "shadikatyal"
wrote:
>
>
> My Dear Ayub,
>
> I appreciate your aprehension and ignorance of many people but
> instead of explaining to La or Kumar or me , you took a very inept
> step.Let me explain to you few things where such misunderstanding
> have occured and why.
> As you are well aware that before Islam there were idol worhsipers in
> that region where they worshiped their own ancestors and thus every
> oen had a place of such worship. It was rumored that Kabbah was one
> of those temples and people took it lteraly. You could have
> explained it but you mistook a slap on your face. I have even read
> or heard somewhere that there are people who want to see inside of
> Kabbah as they still claim it to be Shiv temple.How are you going to
> stop others thinking or questioning. Your remarks about Shivlingam
> taken to Kabbah and being crushed there may also indicate to some of
> them that it was taken for worship there, as there are all kinds of
> idea floating . Only way to explain the history and truth and not
> telling you felt a slap and donot turn your other cheek and look
> where we stand now. Unfortunately all uglyness have come out and
> both fiaths are being abused. If I recall some else had advised you
> that let us not take skeltons out of our closets.
> Wwe can all sit down and quote anything we wish. We have different
> ways of explaining this.
> Hate and arrogance will not win you any respect even if you try to
> explain eerything. It is nature of this topic. I have watched and
> written few times to you but you are lost in your own struggle
> because right now world over there is an anti Muslim feelings ever
> since 9/11 and Britain train bombings. You hve seen article about
> Veil now. It is time to cool down and not creat more
> misunderstanding and enemies.
>
> Peace at this time of the year is all I can suggest.
> Regards
> shadi
>
>
> --- In issuesonline_ worldwide@ yahoogroups. com, ayub mohammed
> wrote:
> >
> >
> > my dear shadi
> > perhaps since long time we did not add 'dear' to the names of
> each other due to the gap created by only one initially kumar ,and
> lal gehi blindly sprayed a poison without considering our
> addressing system with dignity and respect for the upper hand over
> the muslims and islam .
> > i did not think about lal gehi and kuamr who have reached the
> level of hate .that they would never come back with love and
> prosperity with fellow indians and muslims who were differed from
> the practice of hinduism .
> > this genreation also unaware about the incidents and happeneing
> in india after the muslim invasions after emergance of islam in the
> world .
> > i was so casual about the planned move of propogation of anti-
> muslim hate and anti islam hatred without valid grounds and
> anchaeological evidences .
> > here in argument i theought them they would present the
> resonable and approved facts of the islam by the mejority of the
> historians and experts in the field of the religious affairs ,
> > but lal gehi went on to say that the kaba in mecca is their
> shiva linga and the muslims are praciticing idolatoty that too to
> the shiva ...
> > here the claim is UNPROVED and should not be admissible in the
> argument and do not have any archaeological suppoerts and
> contemportary eviddences .they simply resorted to post the content
> blindly that did not have been tested and approved ..
> > since then i started to post the history that would never be so
> high that they claim like a lay men before the muslims and islam in
> this group .i have shown all the deffects of hinduism and
> religious sanctions on the prostitution ,drinking ,adultory ,sati.
> rape .crime rate .with all rituals with supporting scriptures of
> hinduism .
> > and i also greeted them to be peace loving and loving people
> like other members of this group .at least from the good day of
> divali ..
> > by leaving all the hate they carry in their minds in the black
> portions for spreading in this group in retaliation .i would be
> very glad to ask them to leave such ill attempts that the genes
> provoke against their own men ,muslims and islam .
> > i am not a person to show another cheek to slap after a slap
> unneccessarity ..
> > ayub
> > shadikatyal
> wrote:
> >
> > Dear Ayub,
> >
> > Are you trying to tell us that before Hindu cluture of Devdasi
> there
> > was no music in other parts of the world? I think your hate for
> your
> > own brothern have realy taken you to new heights.
> >
> > Life without music or singing have no meaning. Do you recognise
> why
> > Ayets are read in a singing tone or call for prayer is sung in a
> > different way.
> >
> > I feel osrry for you because you are blind with hate for others
> and
> > as I wrote earlier specialy for your genes of forfathers.
> >
> > Research and discussion is one thing but showing ignorance and
> > continued arrogance is something else.More I read your writing
> more
> > hate I find. On one side you admit that all fiaths hve
> deficiences
> > but on the other hand you continue to attack everything.
> > Shadi
> >
> > --- In issuesonline_ worldwide@ yahoogroups. com, ayub mohammed
> > wrote:
> > >
> > > do u have so such ...on your won ?
> > > ayub
> > >
> > > S kumar
> > wrote:
> Perversion
> > to abominable levels!!
> > >
> > > ayub mohammed wrote: yes ,the music, dance and
> > mrudangams were invented by the hindus and in india .the islam
> has
> > not authorised to play or to sing any song ,and dance .so it is
> the
> > contributions of the hindus that so many followed by the muslim
> > musicians .surely.
> > > the origin of the music and dance is traced from the period
> of
> > devadasis .dancing girls ,in temples and the priests for whose
> > entertainment it was intended .moreover the in the heaven, those
> who
> > go their with their good deeds in life time have a chance to
> see
> > the dance with ranbha ,urvasi,menaka ,the beauties of
> heaven .so
> > the orogin of the music was the lusty act of brahmins and
> brahmanas
> > in epoch stories and indian mythology ..
> > > moreover .the turks,afghans ,and arab have their own way of
> > administration in india whether the dancing girls daNces before
> them
> > or they sleeps them after retiring from the music and dance in
> the
> > courts of the muslim kings ,,,,
> > > before the muslim invasion the indian dance of the dancing
> girls
> > in nude , has the origin of religious sanctions on different
> names
> > u can call to cover up the the black face of the history in the
> > invasions ...
> > > do not try to drag the muslim invasions into the bloody
> dancing
> > and playing history of nude females in the temples ,u can also
> sees
> > all temples shows openly the nude female images and idols .so
> as to
> > get the power from the nudity of the beautiful women and
> dancing
> > girls .
> > > anymore ?
> > > ayub
> > >
> > > S kumar wrote: In Islam, music, fine arts and
> > dancing are banned and Taliban and Wahabbists etc. followed the
> > strict interpretations of Islam and no music was allowed.
> > >
> > > In India there was only one typess of music as
> > Jayadeva's "Geetagovidam" Ashtapadi (12AD) reveals and from
> Kashmir
> > down to Kanyakumari, the music was followed and was totally
> > devotional to various Hindu Gods and known as Prabhanda-s. He
> was
> > preceded by many well known musicians from Bharata's Natyasastra
> > (100BC) to Sarangadeva, A Kashmiri musician(1210- 1247) who wrote
> a
> > detailedthesis "Sangeetaratnakara" , a valued reference book even
> > today.
> > >
> > > During the time of Allauddin Khilji, Amir Khusru, born to a
> > Hindu woman and Persian father at Etawah, as the Court
> musician,
> > was asked to compose music praising the Ruler instead of
> Deities.
> > Many of the Musicians refused and some of them were caught and
> > brought to the Court and under duress and threat, made to
> compose
> > songs praising the King. Amir Khusru then created Qawali
> singing
> > blending India Raga-s and Persian script and music. He also
> > modified Saraswati Veena to the present Sitar and cut the
> Mridangam
> > to two and made Tabla.
> > >
> > > This was the start of separate Hindustani Music, the Hindu
> > musicians brought and asked to sing and teach music, under
> > captivity, without allowing them to go out and learn more,
> leading
> > to various Gharana-s, limiting the knowledge to the parameters
> > known to him and elaborated within these!!
> > >
> > > And every musician of today could trace their ancestry to a
> > Hindu musician as Tansen in Akbar's time who refused to sing in
> > praise of the Emperor, continued in his Court but he was made a
> > Muslim and his descendants now Amjad Ali Khan and others of
> Sarod
> > are well known.
> > >
> > > Musicians, though they bwlong to Muslim Community, had
> always
> > respect for Hindu deities and sang/played in devotion to Hindu
> Gods-
> > be it Begum Akhthar or Parveen Sultana as music knows no
> bounds
> > and boundaries, wither Geographical or religious.
> > >
> > > Ayub and his ilk should understand that Muslim musicians owe
> > their knowledge gained from Hindu music since generations, and
> > Islam has no music and is banned by Quran to be practised!!
> > >
> > > ayub mohammed wrote:
> > >
> > > so mr mukesh varma
> > > should all the muslims follow him in his way of devotion of
> > > saraswathy .who has been regarded as the goddess of the
> > EDUACATION
> > > ALSO . SARASWATHY devi is the different from the laxmi DEVI
> WHO
> > HAS
> > > been more widely accepted because she represents the
> > wealth ...unlike
> > > the saraswathy ,goddess of educatiuon ...god and worship is
> the
> > > personal and personal relationship with the god and the
> human
> > beings
> > > irrespective of hindu.muslim. chriostian ,zorashrian ,sikh .
> > > but u should not ask any one to follow that she or he is
> > good ..and do
> > > not follow the way because that is the bad ...
> > > mr mukesh verma do not try to be a part of the right wing
> hindu
> > > fundamentalism agaINST indian muslims ,muslims and
> islam .every
> > > religion have its merits and demerits . do not try to color
> of
> > your
> > > hate to every issue and happeneings ,,,.
> > > what is the greatness of the khan who was the devotee of the
> > saraswati
> > > davi ....i also feel myself as the saraswati davi because i
> got
> > so
> > > many degrees in education .there is no wrong in calling
> > saraswati as
> > > my mother because she has been regarded as the mother of
> > education ....
> > > ok ? anymore ? but do not try to put the issue on top as a
> high
> > class
> > > religion which is not in most of the world people .at the
> same
> > time i
> > > do not like to throw a stone on the pond that splashes the
> mud
> > on my
> > > neat,clear and while wears ....
> > > but it is unavoidable so long as kumar.lal .jyothishi,shadi
> and u
> > > desist all attempts to lessen the value of the muslims ans
> islam
> > in
> > > this group atleast ..what do u say ?
> > > ayub
> > >
> > > -- In issuesonline_ worldwide@ yahoogroups. com, Mukesh Varma
> > > wrote:
> > > >
> > > > Mr. Ayub Mohammed,
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > I am sure you would have read this article earlier. I wish
> you
> > had
> > > paid attention/quoted/ reacted to the following :
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > QUOTE:
> > > > His Namaaz is the seven shuddh and five komal surs. Even
> as a
> > > devout Shia, Khan Sahib is also a staunch devotee of
> Saraswati,
> > the
> > > Hindu goddess of music.
> > > > UNQUOTE:
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > Your country, India, is full of such noble persons. Please
> take
> > > pride in achievements of such souls and read more about
> their
> > life and
> > > teachings.
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > -- MV
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > salam azad wrote: Wishing you and your
> > > family a very happy and prosperous Diwali
> > > >
> > > > Salam Azad
> > > > Flat #A4,House#JE6
> > > > Khirki Extension
> > > > Malviya Nagar
> > > > New Delhi 110017
> > > > Phone : 0091 11 55873217
> > > > Mobile : 0091 9818214632
> > > > Email:salamazad@
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > palashc biswas wrote: Ustad Bismillah
> Khan,
> > > Music Was His Religion
> > > > Palash Biswas
> > > > (contact: Palash Biswas, gostokanan, Sodepur,
> > > > Kolkata-700110, India. Phone: 033-25659551)
> > > > On August18, 2006 only, he wished to perform at India
> > > > Gate. Music was his religion. He used to play football
> > > > and Zinadin Zidan was his icon. He was a deewana of
> > > > Begam Akhtar and He found Lata Mangeshkar always
> > > > surilee. He used to call his God Allaho Akbar in Rag
> > > > Bhairavee.
> > > > He is no More
> > > > Certain instruments become indelibly linked with
> > > > particular performers. In the Hindustani realm, the
> > > > santoor is closely associated with Shivkumar Sharma
> > > > and the rudra vina with Zia Mohiuddin Khan, but
> > > > historically, perhaps the closest and most intimate
> > > > association has been with Bismillah Khan and the
> > > > shehnai.
> > > > He is no More.
> > > > After the Bomb Blast in Banaras , everyone was afraid
> > > > of reactions to follow. But Banaras remained calm and
> > > > composed. Peace was prevailed and communal harmony was
> > > > sustained. It was the result of the initiative taken
> > > > by a man who was the symbol of Banaras as the Great
> > > > ganges and Lord Vishwanath are. He never entertained
> > > > the idea to shift elsewhere. He was the Ustad.
> > > > He is no more.
> > > > Legendary musician Ustad Bismillah Khan was buried
> > > > with full state honours. The maestro passed away early
> > > > on Monday after a cardiac arrest. He was 90. He had
> > > > been admitted to the ICU of Heritage Hospital in
> > > > Varanasi last week. The Government declared a one-day
> > > > national mourning in view of the legendary musician's
> > > > death. Home Ministry officials said that flags would
> > > > be flown at half mast in all the government buildings
> > > > as part of the mourning.
> > > > A day of state mourning has also been declared in
> > > > Uttar Pradesh and schools, colleges and offices there
> > > > will remain closed for the day.
> > > > President A P J Abdul Kalam has also condoled the
> > > > death of the shehnai maestro.
> > > > Kalam, who is currently on a visit to Bangalore,
> > > > expressed shock over his death, a Rashtrapati Bhawan
> > > > spokesperson said.
> > > > "His condition suddenly deteriorated and he suffered a
> > > > cardiac arrest at 1.45 a.m. Although Khan was put on
> > > > the life support system, doctors could not revive him.
> > > > He was declared dead at 2.20 a.m. on Monday," hospital
> > > > superintendent P S R Aiyer said.
> > > > Khan's condition had marginally improved on Sunday
> > > > with his vital parameters like pulse, respiration rate
> > > > and blood pressure at normal levels, doctors attending
> > > > on him had said. He had even been given solid food
> > > > after he expressed a desire to eat home-cooked halwa.
> > > > Ustad Amjad Ali Khan pays tribute to the late Ustad
> > > > Bismillah Khan, who passed away early Monday
> > > > morning:The death of Ustad Bismillah Khan is a
> > > > personal loss to me as our families have had a long
> > > > association. He used to refer to my father Ustad
> > > > Haafiz Ali Khan Saheb as uncle and had great regard
> > > > for him.It was a pleasure and unique honour to play
> > > > duets with Khan saheb whenever I got an opportunity
> > > > to. Last year, I played along with him in Delhi and
> > > > Kolkata. Ustadji had played duets with many other
> > > > maestros but when it came to the sarod, the honour
> > > > always came my way.The Ustad played the shehnai, not
> > > > in keeping with the grammar of music, but with its
> > > > poetry. His concept of music was very beautiful and
> > > > his vision, superb. What is remarkable is that he kept
> > > > performing, until the very end.
> > > >
> > > > Born in 1916, he has raised the status of one of
> > > > India's most distinctively voiced instruments
> > > > unprecedentedly. In its folk form this double-reeded
> > > > instrument is used on a variety of ritual occasions
> > > > but is especially associated with weddings. Bismillah
> > > > Khan has recorded extensively and like many Indian
> > > > classical artists most of his early work was released
> > > > by EMI India or its overseas partners. His historic
> > > > jugalbandi with Vilayat Khan was chosen to inaugurate
> > > > the Music of India series on EMI India's parent
> > > > company in Britain. This series licensed the work of
> > > > masters such as Ravi Shankar, Ali Akbar Khan and
> > > > Nikhil Banerjee. The debut release in the Music of
> > > > India series, however, featured in the terminology of
> > > > the album duettos on "Chaiti-Dhun" and "Bhairavee
> > > > Thumree." The third in the series was another shehnai
> > > > jugalbandi, this time with violinist V.G. Jog.
> > > > It was a further indication of the esteem in which
> > > > Bismillah Khan was held
> > > > Condoling the maestro's death, Prime Minister Manmohan
> > > > Singh hailed Ustad Bismillah Khan as one of the
> > > > greatest musicians of the country.He said the maestro
> > > > was a "phenomenal exponent" of India's composite
> > > > culture whose ideals would continue to inspire the
> > > > coming generations. "This is truly a sad day for the
> > > > world of music. A legendary personality Ustad
> > > > Bismillah Khan is no more with us. His passing away
> > > > brings an end to an era," he said.The Prime Minister
> > > > also called him the greatest exponent of shehnai,
> > > > adding that his music was imbued with divinity.
> > > > The Lok Sabha also paid rich tributes to Ustad
> > > > Bismillah Khan.Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath Chatterjee
> > > > said though the void created by his demise would never
> > > > be filled, the universal appeal of his music would
> > > > continue to inspire generations of music lovers.
> > > > Get well messages were pouring in from across the
> > > > country for shehnai maestro Bismillah Khan, who was
> > > > hospitalised in Varanasi Thursday morning following a
> > > > brief illness.Musicians, Bollywood stars, artistes and
> > > > many others have sent messages for Bismillah Khan, 92.
> > > > He was admitted to hospital after he became very weak.
> > > > He had fallen ill about a week ago and was being
> > > > treated by a private consultant at his residence in
> > > > Varanasi. Singing legend Lata Mangeshkar and her
> > > > sister Usha Mangeshkar wished that the maestro gets
> > > > well soon and is also able to perform at the India
> > > > Gate - his ardent wish. `We appeal to the people and
> > > > music lovers to pray for his good health and early
> > > > recovery.'Sitar maestro Pandit Ravi Shankar's Ravi
> > > > Shankar Foundation, in a message, said they prayed for
> > > > Khan's recovery. Ravi Shankar, a contemporary of
> > > > Bismillah Khan, is out of the country. In a message,
> > > > superstar Amitabh Bachchan said: `I appeal to people
> > > > across the world and music lovers to pray to god for
> > > > Ustad Bismillah Khan's good health.'
> > > > Get well messages also came from veteran actor Dilip
> > > > Kumar and from noted classical musician Amjad Ali
> > > > Khan.The priest of the Vishwanath temple in Varanasi,
> > > > Rajendra Tiwary, also sent a message for the maestro.
> > > > The legendary shehani maestro, a man of tenderness, a
> > > > man who believes in remaining private and who believes
> > > > that musicians are supposed to be heard and not seen.
> > > > The legend was born on 21 March 1916. His ancestors
> > > > were court musicians in the princely state of Dumraon
> > > > in Bihar and he was trained under his uncle, the late
> > > > Ali Bux `Vilayatu', a shehnai player attached to
> > > > Varanasi's Vishwanath Temple. It was Khan Sahib who
> > > > poured his heart out into Raga Kafi from Red Fort on
> > > > the eve of India's first Republic Day ceremony.
> > > > Where others see conflict and contradiction between
> > > > his music and his religion, Bismillah Khan sees only a
> > > > divine unity. Music, sur, namaaz is the same thing.
> > > > His namaaz is the seven shuddh and five komal surs.
> > > > Even as a devout Shia, Khan Sahib is also a staunch
> > > > devotee of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of music.
> > > >
> > > > His honorary doctorate from the Benares Hindu
> > > > University and Shantiniketan bespeaks of his fame. He
> > > > has been bequeathed with the Sangeet Natak Academi
> > > > Award, the Tansen Award of the Madhya Pradesh
> > > > government and also the prestigious Padma Vibhushan.
> > > > He has played in Afghanistan, Europe, Iran, Iraq,
> > > > Canada, West Africa, USA, USSR, Japan, Hong Kong and
> > > > almost every capital city across the world. His music
> > > > is an ocean and he feels that he has barely reached
> > > > the shore after 81 years of his life and his search is
> > > > still incomplete.
> > > > Ustad Bismillah Khan was the third classical musician
> > > > after Pt Ravi Shankar and M S Subbulakshmi to be
> > > > awarded the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour
> > > > in the country.
> > > > During his long and fruitful career as an artiste,
> > > > Khan enthralled audiences at performances across the
> > > > globe. He was honoured with the Sangeet Natak Akademi
> > > > award, the Tansen award as well as the Padma
> > > > Vibhushan.
> > > > Ustad Bismillah Khan was born in a small village in
> > > > Bihar about 60 years ago. He spent his childhood in
> > > > the holy city of Varanasi, on the banks of the Ganga,
> > > > where his uncle was the official shehnai player in the
> > > > famous Visvanath temple.It was due to this that
> > > > Bismillah became inclined for the Shehnai. At an early
> > > > age, he familiarized himself with various forms of the
> > > > music of UP, such as Thumri, Chaiti, Kajri, Sawani
> > > > etc. Later he studied Khayal music and mastered a
> > > > large number of ragas. Ever since Ali Akbar Khan and
> > > > Ravi Shankar introduced Indian music to the West, a
> > > > number of Indian musicians have been invited to
> > > > perform abroad. It was therefore hardly surprising
> > > > that a musician of Bismillah Khan's caliber should be
> > > > one of them.
> > > > The shehnai maestro is survived by his five sons and
> > > > three daughters.
> > > > The maestro's daughter Dr Soma Ghosh also recalled the
> > > > time with her father. "He narrated many stories on his
> > > > experiences, on how my career should progress. He
> > > > showered me with so much love," she said.
> > > > According to UNI, even as an emotionally charged
> > > > funeral procession of shehnai maestro Bismillah Khan
> > > > reached Karbala-Fatamaan for burial, the people queued
> > > > all along the two-kilometre road through which he had
> > > > gone to express his Aasu Ka Nazrana during the 5th and
> > > > 8th day of the Moharram.
> > > > Even a light drizzle did not deter the crowds. The
> > > > route was jammed with thousands of people joining the
> > > > funeral procession, which started from
> > > > Beniabagh.Later, the body wrapped in the national
> > > > tri-colour was put on a coffin and lifted to a
> > > > carriage of the Central Reserve Police Force. A guard
> > > > of honour was also given to the departed soul by the
> > > > state police.
> > > > Bismillah Khan's youngest son Nazim sat on the front
> > > > of the carriage along with other family members.
> > > > The burial would take place under a Neem tree just by
> > > > the side of the place where Khan saheb used to sit and
> > > > play the shehnai during Moharram. An army contingent
> > > > will also give a guard of honour at the Karbala
> > > > Fatamaan.
> > > > The funeral passed through Nai Sarak, Shaikh Saleem
> > > > Fatak, Pali Mahal, Fitar Kundh and Lallanpara before
> > > > reaching Karbal Fatamaan.
> > > >
> > > > palashcbiswas,
> > > > gostokanan, sodepur, kolkata-700110 phone:033-25659551
> > > >
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